In the present study participants completed a series of questions that asked if a word either described them self reference or if the word had an e structural. Kirker, selfreference and the encoding of personal information, journal of personality and social psychology, vol. In a study done by rogers, kuiper, and kirker 1977 the selfreference effect was experimented to determine how well people remember certain words due to how much they relate those words to themselves. The same words were recalled significantly better when they were processed in relation to the self than when they were processed in other ways. Selfrelevant information is especially noticeable and. Selfreference and the encoding of personal information in. The depth of processing model of memory maintains that how deep something is encoded into a persons memory depends on using certain types of processing. The role of selfreferencing in true and false recognition. In two experiments, incidental recall of the rated words indicated that adjectives rates under the selfreference task were recalled the best. The evidence in support of selfschema theory has, in part, been derived from experiments utilizing a depthofprocessing, incidental recall paradigm rogers et al. Although persons differ in the content, complexity, and articulation of the selfschema, it is a rich source of information about ourselves gleaned from observing. It appears that there are different levels of processing that the deeper the level, the better we are able to recall a list of words.
Kirker university of calgary, canada the degree to which the self i s implicated i n processing personal information was investigated. The effects of selfreference versus other reference on the recall of traits and nouns. Selfreference and the encoding of personal information. Furthermore, studies have indicated that the consequences of economic inequality are direr for people belonging to the economically disadvantaged group than for people belonging to the. Accordingly, it is useful to be able to measure selfesteem and selfconcept in ways that can distin. With each respective level, study participants experience deeper processing of word cues. Within this paradigm subjects were first required to make a series of yesno rat.
Furthermore, these memory improvements are observed for both explicitly rogers et al. Social psychologists have long posited an important affective. They found that the self appears to function as a superordinate schema that is deeply involved in the processing, interpretation, and memory of personal information rogers et al. Sextyping and selfschemata effects on memory and response. They are also more likely to predict future behaviors in the domain. Pdf the effects of selfreference versus other reference on. Rogers t b kuiper n a kirker w s 1977 self reference and. Processing information in relation to oneself increases elaboration and provides organization, two factors known to aid memory indeed, these factors are the bases of many mnemonics.
An alternative position derives from clinical evidence suggesting that many depressed persons describe themselves inconsistently. Rogers, kuiper, and kirker 1977 performed one of the first studies examining the selfreference effect making it a foundational article. To explore whether this mnemonic benefit occurs spontaneously, the current study assessed how ageing and divided attention affect the magnitude of the sre in emotional memory i. Subjects rated adjectives on four tasks designed to force varying kinds. These authors found that when a selfschema, rather than schemata possessing the structural, phonemic, or semantic qualities of words, was used to encode personal adjectives, the organization of these words in memory was, by inference, greater than when other methods of encoding were used. The effects of ageing and divided attention on the self. The selfreference effect sre is a powerful memory advantage associated with encoding in reference to the self e. Depth of processing and the self reference effect there have been many experiments done on depth of processing and the self reference effect. Table 3 from selfreference and the encoding of personal. Table 2 from selfreference and the encoding of personal. Kuiper and w s kirker, journaljournal of personality and social psychology, year 1977, volume35 9, pages 67788. The effect has been found under a variety of conditions, including studies in which people are instructed to remember stimuli, like. Selfreference and th encodine g of personal information. Self reference and memory recall ib psychology mr poll.
While the attentional and memorial effects of selfrelevant cues have been discussed in the psychological literature for decades, there has been a recent resurgence of research interest in selfprocessing biases more widely. Sub sequent experiments by rogers, kuiper, and kirker 1977 and kuiper and rogers 1979 examined both latencies of such judgments and sub sequent. Rogers, kuiper and kirker showed that selfreferential judgments were more likely to encourage organization than semantic ones. The degree to which the self is implicated in processing personal information was investigated. The effects of selfreference versus other reference on. Schema model of the selfconcept university of michigan. Pdf the effects of selfreference versus other reference. The effect has been found under a variety of conditions, including studies in which people are instructed to remember stimuli, like personality traits. In our procedure we were supposed to do a distraction task to make sure that the words were actually in longterm member. A term coined by rogers, kuiper, and kirker 1977 referring to the advantage in recall or recognition enjoyed by material encoded with respect to the self, compared to material analyzed for its orthographic, phonemic, or semantic properties.
Rogers t b kuiper n a kirker w s 1977 self reference and the encoding of from psyc 100 at university of maryland, university college. The chart shows the proportion of adjectives that students were able to recall under each of four learning conditions. Furthermore, because self schemas include procedural knowledge such as rules, strategies, and routines, they. Later studies found that relating information to the self made it more.
They reported that those words which were rated whether it described. Pdf selfreference and the encoding of personal information. The effects of selfreference versus other reference on the. Some of the words were judged for their selfrelevance. Subjects rated adjectives on four tasks designed to force varying kinds of encoding. Numerous studies on the selfreference effect rogers et al. Depth of processing and the self reference effect 123. Memory for object details in self and otherreferencing. Although there has been debate over the mechanisms of selfreferencing and whether the self is a special construct that engages unique organisational and elaborative processes e. The focus of the study was to identify the importance of the self and how it is implicated when processing personal information. In summary, beginning at the structural level, participants. They found that the self appears to function as a superordinate schema that is deeply involved in the processing, interpretation, and memory of personal information rogers.
This is a question that has been posed by people ranging from the who 1978 to inigo montoya of westley during their classic lefthanded duel in the princess bride goldman, 1987 to infuriated parents and lovers throughout the ages. Therefore, they suggested the selfreference effect was likely due to the organizational processing endured by selfreferential encoding. These effects were demonstrated in an investigation by t. In a study done by rogers kuiper and kirker 1977 the self. In one classic study that demonstrated the importance of the selfschema, rogers, kuiper, and kirker 1977 conducted an experiment to assess how college students recalled information that they had learned under different processing conditions. In an important study showing the effectiveness of elaborative encoding, rogers, kuiper, and kirker 1977 found that students learned information best when they related it to aspects of themselves a phenomenon known as the selfreference effect. These authors found that when a selfschema, rather than schemata possessing the structural, phonemic, or. This paper questions for the first time whether a negative selfschema is a regular symptom of depression.
Depth of processing and the self reference effect 123 help me. Journal of personality and social psychology, 35, 677688. A distinction between schema and nonschemabased responding is proposed and tested with the spread of processing model. Rogers, 198 ltwo factors that have been shown to enhance the encoding and accessibility of information.
Again a superficial evaluative point and one which could have been preempted by more thoughtful planning. Similarly, situations in which people experience low selfawareness e. The selfreference effect, emotion, and self esteem ucf. In the typical paradigm, words rated according to whether or not they describe you are subsequently more likely to be recalled than words rated according to their structural e. Pdf selfreference and the encoding of personal information in. Schematic processing and selfreference in clinical depression. Using the implicit association test to measure selfesteem.
Rogers t b kuiper n a kirker w s 1977 self reference and the. The distinction between explicit and implicit operation of the self is especially interesting if it turns out that the self functions differently in these two modes. Subjects rated o adjectiven four taskss designe to forcde. Document rogers, rogers, and kirker 1977 have shown that people exhibit better memory for adjectives previously judged in relation to the self than for similar items judged in other. Furthermore, because self schemas include procedural knowledge such as rules, strategies, and routines, they give organization and form to behavior in the. The effects of selfreference versus other reference on the recall of. Kuiper and w s kirker, journaljournal of personality and social psychology, year1977, volume35 9, pages 67788. This research suggests that imagining how the material relates to your own interests and goals.
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